Highlights
- •Cold soda water resulted in significantly higher glycaemia level at 1 h after glucose intake compared with the same soda water at room temperature.
- •Cold glucose solution received favorable taste scores from pregnant women and reduced their nausea.
- •Addition of a tea bag to cold glucose solution resulted in slightly better taste and less nausea without affecting GDM incidence.
Abstract
Objectives
To assess the effect of liquid temperature and additives on pregnant women's taste
perception, side effects, and glycaemia levels in an oral glucose tolerance test (OGTT).
Study design
This study was a single-center, randomized, and multi- and open-arm clinical trial.
A total of 399 participants receiving the 75-g OGTT for gestational diabetes mellitus
(GDM) diagnosis were included. Solutions for use in the 75-g OGTT were prepared to eight formulas, with the participants
randomly assigned into one of eight groups: room-temperature water, hot water, cold
water, hot water with tea bag, room-temperature water with tea bag, cold water with
tea bag, room-temperature soda water, and cold soda water.
Main outcome measures
The main study outcomes were glycaemia levels, satisfaction, perceived taste, side
effects, and GDM. Glycaemia levels were measured when fasted and at 1 and 2 h after
glucose administration. Satisfaction, taste perception, and side effects were evaluated
immediately after the OGTT, and GDM was determined on the basis of glycaemia levels.
Results
The cold soda water solution led to a significantly higher glycaemia level at 1 h
after glucose intake compared with room-temperature soda water solution (p = 0.009).
Glucose formula was found to not significantly affect GDM incidence (p > 0.05) or
the participants’ satisfaction, vomiting, headache, or abdominal bloating (p > 0.05);
the formula did however significantly affect perceived taste (p = 0.027) and the degree
of nausea (p = 0.014).
Conclusions
Several glucose solutions, such as cold glucose solution and any-temperature glucose
solution containing a tea bag, led to slightly better taste scores and a lower degree
of nausea compared with the room-temperature water-based glucose solution. However,
soda water was discovered to affect the glycaemia level at 1 h after glucose intake
and is not suggested for use for GDM diagnosis.
Keywords
Abbreviations:
GDM (gestational diabetes mellitus), OGTT (oral glucose-tolerance test), IRB (institutional review board)To read this article in full you will need to make a payment
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Article info
Publication history
Accepted:
January 14,
2023
Received in revised form:
January 11,
2023
Received:
October 26,
2022
Publication stage
In Press Accepted ManuscriptFootnotes
Disclosure: The authors declare that they have no conflicts of interest to report.
Funding: This study was financially supported by the Ditmanson Medical Foundation Chia-Yi Christian Hospital (grant R110-52).
Clinical trial registration: NCT05508425
Presentation: Not applicable
Disclaimer: Not applicable.
Acknowledgements: Not applicable.
Identification
Copyright
© 2023 Elsevier Inc. All rights reserved.
